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Vocabulary for describing issues (or problems) and corresponding symptoms and solutions to a broad variety of contexts. It is intended to provide a generic, reusable core ontology that can be extended or specialized for use in domain-specific situations, aimed at supporting linked data publishing. The solutions are represented by procedures, which are possible workflows for solving corresponding issues.
The conceptual model of the Issue Procedure Ontology can be seen below, where their classes and properties are presented by means of a UML class diagram.
For better understanding, the ontology can be divided into four modules:
Classes: IssueEntity, Asset, Image, skos:Concept.
Properties: directCategoryOf, hasDirectCategory, categoryOf, hasCategory, hasMaker, makerOf, hasAsset, assetOf, hasDepiction, depictionOf, title, description.
Classes: Party, Person e Organization
Properties: hasMember, memberOf, name.
Classes: Symptom, Issue.
Properties: directlyCauses, directlyCausedBy, causes, causedBy, dependenceOf, dependsOn, directDependenceOf, directlyDependsOn, canDirectlyCause, canBeDirectlyCausedBy, canCause, canBeCausedBy, canBeDependenceOf, canDependOn, canBeDirectDependenceOf, canDirectlyDependOn, indicatedBy, indicates, hasCausativeAsset, causativeAssetOf, hasHostAsset, hostAssetOf.
Classes: Action, Task, CompoundAction, Procedure, Activity, Step, Transition, BooleanExpression.
Properties: solves, solvedBy, hasFirstStep, hasStep, activates, hasSource, hasTarget, hasIncoming, hasOutcoming, hasGuardCondition, hasPostCondition, hasPreCondition, goal.
Classifying a IssueEntity
There are two ways to classify a IssueEntity:
(1) A non intrinsic classification, i.e., a classification aiming a simple grouping of IssueEntities, where the IPO ontology provides the use of hasCategory property relating to "skos:Concept", enabling the creation of categories and subcategories schemes.
(2) A classification that is intrinsic to a IssueEntity, so that classification implies the creation of IssueEntity subclasses with specific restrictions. For example, the flu class being defined by a specific restriction which is to be connected to at least one of the coryza symptoms or fever (instance of the Symptom class). Thus, occurrences may be classified based on the description of their symptoms, as an instance of the new flu class.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#Action
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#Activity
A set of steps that perform an activity, but does not aim to solve a particular Issue.
Can be used to group multiple steps that are repeated in various Procedures to facilitate reuse.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#Asset
Any "thing" that a IssueEntity is related.
For example, a problem (disease) diagnosed in a patient, can have a virus and the patient as Asset, since the virus is the causative agent of the problem and the patient is the host in which the problem manifests itself.
An Asset can be a person, an object, a report, a document, etc.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#BooleanExpression
A logical expression whose value is true or false, aiming to validate a Transition between two Steps, or serve with a pre-condition for the execution of a Action or serve as a post-condition to validate the execution of an Action.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#CompoundAction
An action composed of several other actions. A CompoundAction may have the goal of solving one or more Issues, representing a Procedure or not having an explicit goal, just be a group of Actions to be reused, behaving as an Activity. A CompoundAction has one or more execution steps that activate one Action (Task or other CompoundAction), thus allowing, that a compoundAction reuse another.
A CompoundAction can be used to create a workflow structure, aimed at better structuring of actions that compose it.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#Image
An artifact that illustrates or records a visual perception.
It can be used to illustrate a IssueEntity seeking a better understanding of it.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#Issue
A problem or issue to be resolved. For example, something that is not operating normally or a hindrance to performing some task.
A Issue can be cause and/or caused, directly or indirectly, by another Issue, the same that the Issue A can depend on the Issue B, needing that the Issue B be solved before solving Issue A.
The Issue can have a set of Actions (Procedures) that will fix it and also a Issue can be indicated by several Symptoms, where a set of Symptoms can identify a Issue.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#IssueEntity
A generic class representing the three main concepts within the domain of ontology: Symptom, Problem and Action.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#Organization
Represents a group of people organized aiming at a common goal: social, commercial or political.
Can be used, for example, to represent a company that manufactures an Asset.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#Party
A class representing a Person or an Organization, and it assumes a role of agent within the treated domain.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#Person
This class represents a person.
Can be used, for example, to represent a person who works in an Organization, produces some Asset or records an IssueEntity.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#Procedure
A sequence of steps which, after executed solve one or more Issues.
A procedure has a number of steps that are executed in a specific sequence, one seeking to solve Issue.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#Step
A step to be performed within a CompoundAction. Every Step has an Action to be performed and a Transition to another Step to be performed after completing the execution of the Action.
With Steps is possible to establish an order for the execution of Actions, as each Step has a Transition that sets the Step of origin and destination. Once a CompoundAction has an initial Step (IPO: hasFirstStep), from this Step can be run all other steps that composes the compoundAction following the Transition between them.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#Symptom
Represents a sign or indication of one or more Issues. Something that is perceived when a problem occurs.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#Task
One elementary and single action.
Being an elementary task, it can not be decomposed into simpler actions.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#Transition
An Transition represents a transition (passage) between two Steps. Each Transition has a Step of origin (source) and a Step of destination (target). A Transition has a guard condition that specifies a boolean condition for that the Transition to occur.
Through the guard condition, can be implemented, in a simplified way, a workflow, establishing decision structures, repetition, choice, etc.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#activates
Indicates the action to be activated by a Step.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#assetOf
Indicates a IssueEntity that is related to the Asset.
This property can be used to facilitate retrieval records of problems related to the Asset.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#canBeCausedBy
The Issue can be caused by another Issue directly or indirectly.
This property is transitive, i.e., if the issue "A" can be caused by the issue "B" and the issue "B" can be caused by the issue "C", then the issue "A" can be caused by the issue "C".
has characteristics: transitive
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#canBeDependenceOf
Indicates that an Issue can be a dependence of another Issue directly or indirectly.
This property is also transitive, i.e., if the issue "A" can be dependence of the issue "B" and the issue "B" can be dependence of the issue "C", then the issue "A" can be dependence of the issue "C".
has characteristics: transitive
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#canBeDirectDependenceOf
This property indicates an Issue that can be direct dependence of another Issue.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#canBeDirectlyCausedBy
An Issue can be directly caused by another Issue.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#canCause
An Issue can cause another Issue directly or indirectly.
This property aims to express a possible causal relationship and has the characteristic of transitivity, i.e., the Issue "A" can cause the Issue "B" and the Issue "B" can cause the Issue "C", then the Issue "A" can cause the Issue "C".
has characteristics: transitive
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#canDependOn
Indicates that an Issue can depend on another Issue directly or indirectly.
This property can express a dependency relationship between Issues and has the characteristic of transitivity, i.e., the Issue "A" can depend on the Issue "B" and the Issue "B" can depend on "C", then the Issue "A" can depend on the Issue "C".
has characteristics: transitive
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#canDirectlyCause
An Issue can directly cause another Issue.
This property aims to express a possible causal relationship, where an Issue can be direct cause of another Issue. For example, flu disease can cause pneumonia, i.e., in some cases, flu causes pneumonia and in another cases not.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#canDirectlyDependOn
Indicates that an Issue can directly depend on another Issue.
For example, pneumonia can directly depend that the flu is cured to finally be treated.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#categoryOf
Indicates a IssueEntity classified in a skos:Concept.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#causativeAssetOf
This property relates a Asset with a Issue caused by this Asset. For example, a virus associated with a disease caused by it.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#causedBy
Indicates that an Issue is caused by another Issue directly or indirectly.
This property also has a transitive characteristic, i.e., if the Issue "A" is caused by Issue "B" and the Issue "B" is caused by Issue "C", then the Issue "A" is caused by Issue "C".
has characteristics: transitive
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#causes
Indicates that an Issue causes another Issue directly or indirectly.
This property expresses a causal relationship between Issues and have the characteristic of transitivity, i.e., if the Issue "A" causes Issue "B" and the Issue "B" causes Issue "C", then the Issue "A" causes Issue "C".
has characteristics: transitive
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#dependenceOf
Indicates that an Issue is a dependence of another Issue directly or indirectly.
This property also has a transitive characteristic, i.e. , if Issue "A" is dependence of the Issue "B", and the Issue "B" is dependence of Issue "C", then the Issue "A" is dependence of Issue "C".
has characteristics: transitive
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#dependsOn
This property indicates that an Issue depends on another Issue directly or indirectly.
This property expresses a dependence relationship between Issues and has the characteristic of transitivity, i.e. , if Issue "A" depends on the Issue "B", and the Issue "B" depends on Issue "C", then the Issue "A" depends on Issue "C".
has characteristics: transitive
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#depictionOf
Indicates a IssueEntity illustrated by the image.
This property is functional, i.e., an Image is related by this property with only one IssueEntity.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#directCategoryOf
Indicates a IssueEntity directly classified in a skos:Concept.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#directDependenceOf
Indicates that a Issue is direct dependence of another Issue.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#directlyCausedBy
Indicates that an Issue is directly caused by another Issue.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#directlyCauses
This property indicates that an Issue directly causes another Issue.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#directlyDependsOn
This relation indicates that a issue directly depends on another Issue.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasAsset
Indicates an Asset to IssueEntity, i.e., any "thing" which is related to IssueEntity.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasCategory
Indicates a category (skos: Concept) to IssueEntity.
The Concept class of SKOS ontology has properties that allow you to create hierarchies of categories (Concepts), still allowing express transitivity between categories. This approach should be used as an alternative to classification by subclass of IssueEntity when it are not intrinsic classifications, just grouping. For example, in the field of medicine, disease can be grouped as viral diseases, bacterial diseases, etc.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasCausativeAsset
Indicates an Asset that is the causer of the Issue.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasDepiction
Indicates an image that illustrates the IssueEntity.
Seeking a better description of IssueEntity, one can make use of this property to relate an illustrative image. For example, an image of a software screen containing an error occurred can help describe the problem.
has characteristics: inverse functional
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasDirectCategory
Indicates a category (skos: Concept) directly related to a IssueEntity.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasFirstStep
A CompoundAction has one or more steps, so this property indicates the first step should be executed.
has characteristics: functional, inverse functional
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasGuardCondition
Indicates a BooleanExpression for that a Transition occurs.
For example, a Transition can have as guardCondition that the Step of origin be executed 10 times. So while this Step does is not executes 10 times, will not be started the Step of destination. This example illustrates a repeating structure within the workflow.
has characteristics: functional, inverse functional
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasHostAsset
Indicates an Asset that is the host (harbourer) of the Issue.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasIncoming
Indicates the Transition that starts the execution of this Step.
has characteristics: inverse functional
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasMaker
Indicates a Person or Organization (Party) who created or registered the IssueEntity. This property is also used by Asset class to relate to its manufacturer, developer, inventor, etc.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasMember
Indicates a Person who is a member of this Organization or another Organization that is member of this Organization, representing here a department or business unit.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasOutcoming
Indicates the Transition that occurs after execution of this Step and that activates the next Step to be executed.
has characteristics: inverse functional
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasPostCondition
Indicates a postcondition (effect) will be reached after executing the Action.
has characteristics: functional, inverse functional
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasPreCondition
Indicates a precondition for the Action be executed.
A precondition may represent a prerequisite for execution of the Action, without which it is not guaranteed correct execution.
has characteristics: functional, inverse functional
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasSource
Indicates the Step of origin of this Transition.
has characteristics: functional
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasStep
Indicates a Step that composes the compoundAction.
has characteristics: inverse functional
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hasTarget
Indicates the Step of destination of this Transition.
has characteristics: functional
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#hostAssetOf
Relates an Asset with a Issue that occurs in it.
This property can be used to relate a person with a disease whose the person is where the disease occurs.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#indicatedBy
Indicates a Symptom of this Issue.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#indicates
This property relates a Issue indicated by this Symptom.
A Symptom may indicate many Issues, such as a Symptom of fever can indicate many diseases.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#makerOf
This property can be used to indicates an Asset created/manufactured by Party or a IssueEntity created/registered by the Party.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#memberOf
Indicates a organization that the Party is participant.
This property can be used to indicates that an employee is a member of an organization.
Another approach is to use this property to relate two organizations thus representing a department that is a member of his company.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#solvedBy
Indicates a solution (Procedure) for this Issue.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#solves
Indicates a Issue that this Procedure solves.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#description
Indicates text that describes something in detail.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#goal
Indicates the description of the goal to be reached after the execution of Procedure.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#name
Indicates a name to identify something.
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#title
Title (word or phrase) that briefly describes something.
IRI: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment
IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/contributor
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#description
Indicates text that describes something in detail.
IRI: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespacePrefix
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespaceUri
IRI: http://purl.org/ipo/core#title
Title (word or phrase) that briefly describes something.
BooleanExpressionc, Imagec, IssueEntityc, Partyc, Stepc, Transitionc, conceptc
Changes since 1.1.0 version:
This HTML document was obtained by processing the OWL ontology source code through LODE, Live OWL Documentation Environment, developed by Silvio Peroni.
Represents an action to be performed. An Action can only be a primitive action (Task) or a set of actions (CompoundAction).
An Action has a precondition that will enable the execution of the Action, and a postcondition (effect) which will be validated after running the Action.